Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition in which the arteries that carry blood to the limbs—usually the legs—become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of fatty deposits (plaque). This reduces blood flow, especially during physical activity.

Causes of PAD
PAD is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, where cholesterol and plaque build up in the artery walls. Other contributing factors include:

• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Family history of vascular disease

Common Symptoms of PAD

• Leg pain or cramping during walking (called claudication), which goes away with rest
• Numbness or weakness in the legs
• Coldness in the lower leg or foot
• Slow-healing sores or wounds on the feet or toes
• Shiny skin or loss of hair on the legs
• Weak or absent pulse in the legs or feet

Diagnosis
Doctors may use tests such as:

• Ankle-brachial index (ABI) – compares blood pressure in the ankle and arm
• Doppler ultrasound – shows blood flow in the arteries
• Angiography – detailed imaging of arteries using dye and X-rays

Complications of PAD
If untreated, PAD can lead to serious complications such as:

• Non-healing wounds or infections
• Critical limb ischemia (severe blockage causing tissue death)
• Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

Treatment Options

• Lifestyle changes: quit smoking, eat a heart-healthy diet, and exercise regularly
• Medications: to control cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar
• Blood thinners: to prevent clots
• Procedures: angioplasty or bypass surgery in severe cases

Prevention Tips

• Stay active with daily walking or exercise
• Maintain healthy blood sugar and blood pressure
• Avoid tobacco in all forms
• Keep cholesterol in check
• Get regular checkups, especially if you’re over 50 or have diabetes