What Is Brain Cancer?

• Brain cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the brain, forming a mass or tumor
• These tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous)
• Malignant brain tumors can grow quickly and invade nearby brain tissue
• Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, vision problems, memory issues, dizziness, and weakness in parts of the body.
• Causes are not always known, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase risk.
• Diagnosis is usually done through neurological exams, MRI or CT scans, and sometimes a biopsy.
• Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Types of Brain Tumors

Glioma

• A tumor that starts in the glial cells, which support nerve cells
• Can be fast-growing (high-grade) or slow-growing (low-grade)
• Common subtypes include:
  • Astrocytoma
  • Glioblastoma (most aggressive type)
  • Oligodendroglioma
  • Ependymoma

Meningioma

• Tumor that arises from the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
• Often benign but can grow and cause pressure on brain structures
• More common in women and usually diagnosed in older adults

Causes and Risk Factors

• Exact causes are often unknown, but several factors may increase the risk:
  • Genetic mutations
  • Family history of brain tumors
  • Radiation exposure to the head
  • Immune system disorders
  • Age – More common in adults but can occur at any age
  • Gender – Some types are more common in males, others in females

Symptoms of Brain Cancer

• Symptoms depend on the tumor’s size, location, and growth rate
• Common signs include:
  • Persistent headaches
  • Seizures
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Vision or hearing changes
  • Memory loss or confusion
  • Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
  • Muscle weakness or numbness
  • Balance or coordination problems

How Is Brain Cancer Diagnosed?

• Neurological exam – Tests reflexes, coordination, and brain function
• MRI or CT scan – To detect the size and location of the tumor
• Biopsy – Sample of tumor tissue to confirm if it is cancerous
• PET scan – May be used to check for cancer activity in the brain

Treatment Options for Brain Cancer

Surgery

• First line of treatment when the tumor is operable
• Goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible

Radiation Therapy

• Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells
• Often used after surgery or when surgery isn’t possible

Chemotherapy

• Involves anti-cancer drugs to stop tumor growth
• Can be taken orally or through IV

Targeted Therapy

• Drugs that target specific cancer cell genes or proteins
• Fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

• Boosts the body’s own immune system to fight cancer
• Still under research for some brain tumor types

Supportive Care

• Steroids to reduce swelling
• Anti-seizure medications
• Rehabilitation therapy for speech, movement, and cognitive skills

Prognosis and Outlook

• Depends on the type, location, and grade of tumor
• Glioblastoma has a more aggressive course
• Meningiomas are often slow-growing and have better outcomes
• Early diagnosis and treatment improve survival and quality of life

Living With Brain Cancer

• Regular follow-ups and brain scans are essential
• Lifestyle adjustments may be needed depending on physical or cognitive changes
• Emotional support from counselors, family, or support groups is vital

When to See a Doctor

• New or worsening headaches
• Seizures with no previous history
• Changes in vision, speech, or balance
• Personality changes or memory issues
• History of radiation to the head or family history of brain tumors