What is Vertigo?

Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or dizziness, as if you or your surroundings are moving when they are not. It is a symptom rather than a disease and is caused by problems in the inner ear, brain, or sensory nerve pathways that help control balance.

What Are the Symptoms of Vertigo?

Common symptoms include

A spinning or whirling sensation
Loss of balance or unsteadiness
Nausea or vomiting
Sweating
Abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
Hearing loss or ringing in the ears (in some cases)

What Causes Vertigo?

Common causes are

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) – tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged
Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis – inflammation of the inner ear or nerves
Meniere’s Disease – fluid buildup in the inner ear causing vertigo and hearing loss
Migraine-associated vertigo
Head injuries or trauma
Stroke or brain tumors affecting balance centers
Certain medications that affect the inner ear or brain

How is Vertigo Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves

Medical history and symptom review
Physical examination focusing on balance and eye movements
Dix-Hallpike test to identify BPPV
Hearing tests if hearing loss is suspected
Imaging studies like MRI or CT scan if brain problems are suspected

How is Vertigo Treated?

Treatment depends on the cause.

For BPPV
Canalith repositioning maneuvers (Epley maneuver) to move crystals back to the correct place
Medications
Motion sickness drugs like meclizine or dimenhydrinate for symptom relief
Vestibular rehabilitation therapy to improve balance
Treating underlying conditions such as infections or migraines
In rare cases, surgery may be needed

What Are the Complications of Untreated Vertigo?

Untreated vertigo can lead to

Falls and injuries due to loss of balance
Persistent dizziness affecting daily activities
Anxiety or depression caused by chronic symptoms

Living with Vertigo

Tips to manage vertigo include

Avoid sudden head movements
Use support when walking if unsteady
Follow prescribed treatments and physical therapy
Stay hydrated and rest during flare-ups
Inform family or friends about your condition for safety

Seek medical help if vertigo is severe, sudden, or accompanied by neurological symptoms such as weakness, vision changes, or difficulty speaking.