What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It leads to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding.
What Causes Ulcerative Colitis?
The exact cause is unknown, but factors include:
- Immune system malfunction – The immune system attacks the colon lining
- Genetics – Family history increases risk
- Environmental triggers – Diet, infections, or stress may worsen symptoms
- Gut microbiome imbalance
What Are the Symptoms?
Common symptoms include:
- Frequent diarrhea, often with blood or pus
- Abdominal cramping and pain
- Urgency to have bowel movements
- Fatigue and weight loss
- Rectal bleeding
- Fever in severe cases
How is Ulcerative Colitis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves:
- Medical history and physical exam
- Blood tests – To check for anemia and inflammation
- Stool tests – To rule out infections
- Colonoscopy with biopsy – To visualize inflammation and confirm diagnosis
- Imaging tests – Sometimes used to assess extent of disease
How is Ulcerative Colitis Treated?
Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing symptoms:
- Medications
- Aminosalicylates (e.g., mesalamine)
- Corticosteroids for flare-ups
- Immunosuppressants
- Biologic therapies targeting immune response
- Diet and lifestyle changes – Avoiding trigger foods, stress management
- Surgery – In severe cases, removal of the colon may be necessary
Can Ulcerative Colitis Cause Complications?
Possible complications include:
- Severe bleeding
- Colon perforation
- Increased risk of colon cancer
- Dehydration and malnutrition
- Toxic megacolon (severe colon swelling)
When Should You See a Doctor?
Seek medical care if you have:
- Persistent diarrhea or rectal bleeding
- Severe abdominal pain or cramping
- Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
- Signs of dehydration
- High fever