What Is Syphilis?

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through several stages and can affect many organs if left untreated. Syphilis is highly contagious during its early stages and can be transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to baby during pregnancy.

What Are the Symptoms of Syphilis?

Syphilis symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection:

Primary Stage

• A painless sore (chancre) at the infection site, often genital, anal, or oral
• The sore heals on its own within 3 to 6 weeks

Secondary Stage

• Skin rash, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
• Mucous membrane lesions
• Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat
• Fatigue, headache, muscle aches

Latent Stage

• No symptoms, but the infection remains in the body
• Can last for years

Tertiary Stage (Late Syphilis)

• Damage to organs such as the heart, brain, nerves, eyes, and bones
• Symptoms may include difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, dementia, and vision problems

How Is Syphilis Transmitted?

Syphilis spreads primarily through:

• Direct contact with a syphilitic sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
• From an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or childbirth (congenital syphilis)

How Is Syphilis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on:

• Physical examination of sores or rashes
• Blood tests detecting antibodies to Treponema pallidum
• Examination of fluid from sores under a microscope in some cases

How Is Syphilis Treated?

Syphilis is treated with antibiotics, usually:

• Penicillin G: The preferred treatment given by injection
• For those allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics may be used under medical guidance
• Early treatment can cure syphilis and prevent complications

What Is the Prognosis for Syphilis?

With timely and proper treatment, syphilis is curable. However, if untreated, it can cause serious health problems, including damage to the heart, brain, and other organs, and can be fatal.

How to Prevent Syphilis?

Preventive measures include:

• Using condoms consistently and correctly during sex
• Having regular STI screenings if sexually active, especially with multiple partners
• Avoiding sexual contact with individuals known to be infected until they are fully treated
• Pregnant women should be tested to prevent congenital syphilis