What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition where the brain has difficulty receiving and responding appropriately to information from the senses. People with SPD may be overly sensitive to stimuli like noise, touch, or light, or may not respond enough to sensory input.

SPD can affect daily functioning and is commonly seen in children, although it can persist into adulthood. It is often associated with other conditions like autism spectrum disorder, but it can also occur on its own.

What Are the Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder?

Symptoms vary depending on whether a person is hypersensitive (over-responsive) or hyposensitive (under-responsive) to sensory input.

Common Symptoms

• Overreaction to textures, lights, sounds, or smells.
• Discomfort with certain fabrics or clothing tags.
• Avoidance of hugs or physical contact.
• Difficulty with balance or coordination.
• Constant movement or seeking intense physical activity.
• Delayed motor skills or poor handwriting.
• Trouble focusing or appearing easily distracted.
• Meltdowns or emotional outbursts when overstimulated.

What Causes Sensory Processing Disorder?

The exact cause of SPD is not known, but several factors may contribute to its development.

Common Causes

• Genetic factors may play a role.
• Premature birth or birth complications.
• Environmental exposures during early development.
• Often associated with autism and other developmental disorders.

How is Sensory Processing Disorder Diagnosed?

There is no single test for SPD. Diagnosis involves detailed observation and evaluation by healthcare professionals.

Common Diagnostic Methods

• Developmental history and behavior questionnaires.
• Occupational therapy evaluation.
• Sensory processing assessments.
• Observation in different environments (home, school).

SPD is not officially listed in the DSM-5, but many clinicians recognize and address it, especially in the context of other developmental conditions.

How is Sensory Processing Disorder Treated?

Treatment is personalized and typically involves therapy to help individuals manage and adapt to sensory challenges.

First-Line Treatments

• Occupational therapy: Uses sensory integration techniques to help the brain respond more appropriately to sensory input.
• Sensory diets: Structured activities designed to meet a child’s sensory needs throughout the day.
• Behavioral therapy: Helps manage emotional and behavioral responses.

Additional Steps

• Adapting environments (e.g., noise-canceling headphones, fidget tools).
• Collaborating with teachers and caregivers.
• Establishing routines to reduce sensory overload.
• Parental support and education.

What Are the Complications of Sensory Processing Disorder?

If not managed properly, SPD can interfere with everyday activities and emotional well-being.

Possible Complications

• Difficulty in school or social settings.
• Anxiety or frustration.
• Social withdrawal.
• Delays in motor development.
• Problems with self-esteem.

How Can Sensory Processing Disorder Be Prevented?

SPD cannot always be prevented, but early detection and intervention can greatly improve outcomes.

Tips to Support Prevention or Early Management

• Monitor developmental milestones in early childhood.
• Seek professional evaluation if sensory issues are suspected.
• Provide a stable, structured environment.
• Encourage play and movement to support sensory development.
• Communicate with educators about specific sensory needs.

How Long Does It Take to Recover from Sensory Processing Disorder?

SPD is a lifelong condition for many individuals, but with early and ongoing intervention, symptoms can be managed effectively. Progress varies from person to person, and many can lead successful, fulfilling lives with appropriate support and accommodations.