What is Sciatica?

Sciatica is a condition characterized by pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back through the hips, buttocks, and down each leg. It usually occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed or irritated, often due to a herniated disc, bone spur, or spinal stenosis.

What Are the Symptoms of Sciatica?

Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and typically affect only one side of the body.

Common Symptoms

• Sharp or burning pain radiating from the lower back to the buttock and down the leg.
• Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot.
• Muscle weakness in the affected leg.
• Difficulty moving or controlling the leg or foot.
• Pain that worsens with sitting, standing, coughing, or sneezing.

Where Does Pain Usually Appear?

• Lower back.
• Buttock.
• Back of the thigh.
• Calf and foot on one side.

How is Sciatica Caused?

Sciatica results from irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, usually due to:

Common Causes

• Herniated or slipped disc pressing on the nerve.
• Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal).
• Piriformis syndrome (muscle irritation).
• Degenerative disc disease.
• Injury or trauma to the lower back.

How is Sciatica Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves physical examination and imaging tests.

Common Diagnostic Methods

• Physical exam: Tests for muscle strength, reflexes, and pain.
• Imaging: MRI or CT scan to identify nerve compression or disc problems.
• Electromyography (EMG): To assess nerve function.

How is Sciatica Treated?

Treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing the underlying cause.

First-Line Treatments

• Pain relievers: Over-the-counter NSAIDs like ibuprofen.
• Physical therapy: Exercises to improve flexibility and strengthen back muscles.
• Heat and cold therapy: To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
• Activity modification: Avoiding movements that worsen symptoms.

Additional Treatments

• Prescription medications: Muscle relaxants or stronger pain medications.
• Steroid injections: To reduce inflammation around the nerve.
• Surgery: In severe cases, to relieve nerve compression.

What Are the Complications of Sciatica?

If untreated or severe, sciatica may lead to:

• Chronic pain.
• Permanent nerve damage.
• Loss of bladder or bowel control (in rare cases, requires emergency care).

How Can Sciatica Be Prevented?

Preventive measures focus on protecting the back and maintaining nerve health.

Tips to Prevent Sciatica

• Practice good posture.
• Use proper lifting techniques.
• Stay active and exercise regularly.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Avoid prolonged sitting or standing.

How Long Does It Take to Recover from Sciatica?

Many people recover within a few weeks to months with proper treatment. Pain usually improves gradually, but some cases may persist longer or require more intensive interventions.