What Is Rabies?
Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It is primarily transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal if not treated promptly.
How Is Rabies Transmitted?
Rabies is most commonly spread through the saliva of infected animals via bites or scratches. In many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Africa, dogs are the primary source of transmission to humans. In other regions, wildlife such as bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes are more common carriers.
What Are the Symptoms of Rabies?
The incubation period for rabies can vary, but symptoms typically appear 1 to 3 months after exposure. Early symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Weakness or discomfort
- Pain, tingling, or itching at the site of the bite
As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms can develop, including: - Anxiety
- Confusion
- Agitation
- Delirium
- Hallucinations
- Insomnia
- Difficulty swallowing
- Fear of water (hydrophobia)
- Paralysis
How Is Rabies Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of rabies in humans is challenging and is typically based on clinical signs and patient history. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of the virus, but these are often conducted posthumously. In animals, rabies can be diagnosed through direct fluorescent antibody testing of brain tissue.
Is There a Cure for Rabies?
Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is nearly always fatal. However, the disease is preventable if treatment is administered promptly after exposure. This treatment, known as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), involves a series of rabies vaccinations and, in some cases, rabies immunoglobulin.
How Can Rabies Be Prevented?
Prevention of rabies involves several strategies:
- Vaccination of pets: Ensuring that dogs, cats, and other pets are vaccinated against rabies.
- Avoiding contact with wildlife: Steering clear of wild animals, especially those acting abnormally.
- Seeking immediate medical attention: If bitten or scratched by an animal, promptly cleaning the wound and seeking medical care for PEP.
- Vaccination of at-risk individuals: People who work with animals or are at high risk of exposure may receive pre-exposure rabies vaccination.
What Is the Situation of Rabies in India?
India reports the highest number of human rabies deaths globally, with an estimated 20,000 deaths annually. The majority of these cases result from bites by stray dogs. Efforts to control rabies in India include mass dog vaccination campaigns and public awareness programs.
What Should You Do If Exposed to Rabies?
If bitten or scratched by an animal that may be rabid:
- Clean the wound immediately: Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
- Seek medical attention: Contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible.
- Follow the prescribed PEP regimen: Complete the full course of rabies vaccinations and any additional treatments recommended.