What is Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Primary Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood. Excess PTH causes calcium levels to rise (hypercalcemia), which can lead to various symptoms and complications.
What causes Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Primary Hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by:
- A benign tumor (adenoma) on one of the parathyroid glands (most common cause)
- Enlargement (hyperplasia) of multiple parathyroid glands
- Rarely, parathyroid cancer
What are the symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Many people may have mild or no symptoms early on. When symptoms occur, they may include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Bone pain or fractures due to bone loss
- Kidney stones caused by high calcium levels
- Increased thirst and frequent urination
- Abdominal pain, nausea, or constipation
- Depression, confusion, or memory problems
- Muscle weakness
How is Primary Hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves:
- Blood tests showing elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels
- Tests to check kidney function and vitamin D levels
- Imaging studies such as ultrasound, sestamibi scan, or MRI to locate abnormal parathyroid glands
- Bone density tests to assess bone loss
What are the treatment options for Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Treatment depends on symptom severity and calcium levels:
- Surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland(s) is the most common and effective treatment
- Monitoring calcium levels and bone health if surgery is not immediately needed
- Medications to manage symptoms or reduce calcium levels in some cases
- Lifestyle changes such as staying hydrated and avoiding excessive calcium or vitamin D supplements
What is the recovery and prognosis for Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
- Surgery often cures the condition and reverses symptoms
- Most patients recover fully and see improvement in bone density and kidney health
- Untreated hyperparathyroidism can lead to serious complications like osteoporosis, kidney damage, and heart problems
- Regular follow-up is important to monitor calcium levels and overall health
How can Primary Hyperparathyroidism be prevented or managed long-term?
- There is no proven way to prevent primary hyperparathyroidism as it usually arises spontaneously
- Early diagnosis and treatment help prevent complications
- Maintain regular medical checkups, especially if you have symptoms or family history
- Follow your healthcare provider’s advice on diet, supplements, and lifestyle