What Are Intestinal Polyps?

Intestinal polyps are abnormal growths that form on the inner lining of the intestines, most commonly in the colon (large intestine). They vary in size and shape and can be benign (non-cancerous) or, in some cases, precancerous, meaning they have the potential to develop into colorectal cancer over time.

What Causes Intestinal Polyps?

The exact cause isn’t always clear, but several factors can contribute to their development:

• Genetic mutations
• Chronic inflammation of the intestinal lining
• Aging – more common after age 50
• Family history of polyps or colorectal cancer
• Unhealthy lifestyle – such as a high-fat, low-fiber diet, smoking, and lack of exercise
• Inherited syndromes, such as:
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
  • Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

What Are the Types of Intestinal Polyps?

There are several types, including:

• Adenomatous polyps (adenomas) – may turn into cancer
• Hyperplastic polyps – usually benign
• Inflammatory polyps – often seen with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Hamartomatous polyps – associated with genetic conditions

What Are the Symptoms of Intestinal Polyps?

Many polyps cause no symptoms and are found during routine screenings. However, larger or multiple polyps may cause:

• Rectal bleeding
• Blood in the stool (bright red or dark)
• Changes in bowel habits – such as constipation or diarrhea
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Iron-deficiency anemia – due to slow, chronic blood loss

If you notice any of these symptoms, especially if persistent, seek medical evaluation.

How Are Intestinal Polyps Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is usually done through colonoscopy, where a doctor examines the entire colon using a thin, flexible camera. Other tools include:

• Sigmoidoscopy – examines only the lower part of the colon
• CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
• Stool tests – to check for hidden blood or DNA changes

Polyps found during colonoscopy are typically removed and sent to a lab for biopsy to determine if they are benign, precancerous, or cancerous.

How Are Intestinal Polyps Treated?

Removal:

• Polypectomy – most polyps can be removed during colonoscopy using a snare or forceps
• Surgical removal – may be necessary for very large polyps or if cancer is suspected

Follow-up:

• Regular surveillance colonoscopies are recommended, especially if:
  • You’ve had multiple or large polyps
  • Your polyps were adenomas
  • You have a family history of colorectal cancer

Treatment may also include lifestyle modifications and genetic counseling if a hereditary syndrome is involved.

Can Intestinal Polyps Turn Into Cancer?

Yes, some types—especially adenomatous polyps—can become cancerous if not removed. The risk increases with:

• Size of the polyp
• Number of polyps
• Presence of dysplasia (abnormal cells)
• Family history of colorectal cancer

That’s why early detection and removal are so important.

Who Is at Risk for Intestinal Polyps?

You’re more likely to develop polyps if you:

• Are over age 50
• Have a family history of polyps or colon cancer
• Have a history of inflammatory bowel disease
• Eat a high-fat, low-fiber diet
• Smoke or consume excessive alcohol
• Are overweight or physically inactive
• Have certain genetic syndromes

How Can Intestinal Polyps Be Prevented?

You can reduce your risk by:

• Eating a high-fiber, low-fat diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Getting regular screenings after age 45–50 or earlier if at high risk
• Managing chronic inflammatory bowel conditions with the help of a doctor