What Is Gingivostomatitis?
Gingivostomatitis is a common infection that causes inflammation of the gums (gingiva) and the mucous membranes of the mouth (stomatitis). It often affects children but can also occur in adults. The condition is typically caused by viral or bacterial infections and can lead to painful sores, swelling, and difficulty eating or drinking.

It is the most common form of acute herpetic infection in children and is sometimes referred to as primary herpetic gingivostomatitis when caused by the herpes simplex virus.

What Causes Gingivostomatitis?
The most common causes include:

• Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1): The leading viral cause, particularly in children
• Coxsackievirus: Often causes hand, foot, and mouth disease
• Poor oral hygiene: Allows bacteria to flourish
• Bacterial infections: Such as streptococcal infections
• Weakened immune system: Increases susceptibility
• Injury or irritation: From dental appliances, burns, or harsh oral products

What Are the Symptoms of Gingivostomatitis?
Symptoms can vary based on the cause and age of the individual, but may include:

• Swollen, red, or bleeding gums
• Painful sores or ulcers in the mouth, tongue, or lips
• Fever (especially in viral cases)
• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Drooling (in younger children)
• Difficulty eating or drinking due to pain
• Irritability or fussiness in young children
• Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

What Are the Risks and Complications of Gingivostomatitis?
While most cases resolve without serious issues, potential complications include:

• Dehydration, especially in children who avoid fluids due to pain
• Spread of infection to others (especially HSV)
• Recurrent oral herpes outbreaks (in cases caused by HSV-1)
• Secondary bacterial infections of mouth sores
• Poor nutrition due to eating difficulties

How Is Gingivostomatitis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is generally based on clinical evaluation:

• Physical examination: Inspection of the mouth, gums, and lesions
• Medical history: Recent illnesses, exposures, or oral injuries
• Viral culture or PCR testing: If HSV or another virus is suspected
• Blood tests or swabs: In unclear or persistent cases

What Are the Treatment Options for Gingivostomatitis?
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and managing the underlying cause:

• Pain relief: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and discomfort
• Topical anesthetics: Such as lidocaine gel for soothing painful areas
• Antiviral medications: Like acyclovir, in cases caused by herpes simplex
• Good oral hygiene: Gentle brushing and antiseptic rinses if tolerated
• Hydration: Encouraging fluid intake to prevent dehydration
• Soft, bland foods: To reduce irritation and make eating easier
• Antibiotics: Only if a secondary bacterial infection is present

Can Gingivostomatitis Be Prevented?
While not all cases are preventable, some measures can help reduce risk:

• Practice good oral hygiene from an early age
• Avoid sharing utensils, cups, or pacifiers (especially during HSV outbreaks)
• Teach children to wash hands regularly
• Ensure regular dental checkups
• Manage chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system

How to Manage Gingivostomatitis for a Better Quality of Life?

For Children and Parents:

• Offer cool, soothing liquids like water or diluted juice
• Avoid citrus, spicy, or salty foods that may irritate sores
• Use a soft toothbrush and avoid alcohol-based mouth rinses
• Monitor for signs of dehydration (dry lips, decreased urination)
• Keep children at home during active infections to avoid spreading illness

For Adults and Caregivers:

• Maintain good oral hygiene and avoid tobacco or alcohol during healing
• Use prescribed medications consistently if viral causes are identified
• Seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist beyond 10–14 days