What Is Eclampsia?
Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that involves the onset of seizures in a woman who has preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to organs like the liver or kidneys, usually after the 20th week of pregnancy. When left untreated, preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, which is a life-threatening emergency for both the mother and the baby.
What Causes Eclampsia?
Eclampsia is caused by the progression of preeclampsia. While the exact cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood, it is believed to be related to abnormal development of blood vessels in the placenta, leading to poor blood flow and increased pressure on the mother’s body. When preeclampsia is not properly managed, it can cause swelling in the brain and other complications that trigger seizures, resulting in eclampsia.
Who Is at Risk for Eclampsia?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing eclampsia, including:
- First pregnancy
- History of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies
- High blood pressure or kidney disease before pregnancy
- Carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.)
- Being under 20 or over 35 years old
- Obesity or diabetes
- Family history of preeclampsia
What Are the Symptoms of Eclampsia?
Eclampsia is marked by seizures in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. Other symptoms that may appear before or during eclampsia include:
- Severe headaches
- Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision
- Confusion or altered mental status
- Upper abdominal pain, especially under the ribs on the right side
- Swelling in the face and hands
- Rapid weight gain
- Nausea or vomiting
- High blood pressure and protein in the urine
How Is Eclampsia Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of eclampsia usually follows signs of preeclampsia and involves:
- Blood pressure monitoring – High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher) is a key indicator.
- Urine tests – To check for protein in the urine (proteinuria).
- Blood tests – To evaluate kidney and liver function, platelet counts, and other markers.
- Neurological exam – Especially after a seizure, to assess brain function.
- Fetal monitoring – To assess the health of the baby.
How Is Eclampsia Treated?
Eclampsia is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to protect both the mother and the baby. Treatment usually includes:
- Seizure control – Magnesium sulfate is commonly used to prevent or stop seizures.
- Blood pressure management – Medications may be used to lower blood pressure to safer levels.
- Delivery of the baby – In most cases, the safest treatment is to deliver the baby, even if premature. The method and timing depend on the health of the mother and baby.
- Hospital monitoring – Women with eclampsia are closely monitored in a hospital setting, often in an intensive care unit (ICU).
Can Eclampsia Be Prevented?
While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent eclampsia, early detection and proper prenatal care can significantly reduce the risk. Here are some preventive steps:
- Regular prenatal check-ups to monitor blood pressure and urine
- Managing existing conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes
- Taking prescribed medications and prenatal vitamins
- Following a healthy diet and lifestyle
- Reporting symptoms like headaches, vision changes, or swelling to your doctor
What Are the Possible Complications of Eclampsia?
If left untreated, eclampsia can lead to severe and even fatal complications, including:
- Maternal brain damage or stroke
- Organ failure (liver, kidneys)
- Premature birth or low birth weight
- Placental abruption (placenta detaches from the uterus)
- Long-term health issues for the mother
- Stillbirth or neonatal death in severe cases
What Is the Outlook for Women With Eclampsia?
With immediate and proper medical care, most women recover well from eclampsia. However, some may have long-term health issues related to blood pressure or organ function. Babies born to mothers with eclampsia may face complications if born prematurely but can thrive with good neonatal care. Follow-up care after delivery is essential to monitor the mother’s recovery and reduce the risk of future complications.