What is Balanitis?

Balanitis is the inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis. It is a common condition that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and discomfort. Balanitis can affect males of all ages but is more common in uncircumcised men due to the accumulation of moisture, bacteria, and irritants under the foreskin.

It is usually not serious but may lead to complications if left untreated.

What Causes Balanitis?

Balanitis can be caused by infections, poor hygiene, irritants, or underlying medical conditions.

Common Causes:

• Poor hygiene – Buildup of smegma (skin oils and dead cells) under the foreskin.
• Fungal infections (Candida) – Common in men with diabetes or those who wear tight underwear.
• Bacterial infections – Can result from poor hygiene or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Irritation from chemicals – Soaps, detergents, scented lotions, or latex condoms.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – Such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or herpes.
• Diabetes – High blood sugar encourages bacterial and fungal growth.
• Phimosis (tight foreskin) – Prevents proper cleaning, leading to infection.

What Are the Symptoms of Balanitis?

Symptoms of balanitis vary but typically include:

• Redness and swelling of the glans
• Pain, itching, or burning sensation
• Thick, white discharge under the foreskin
• Unpleasant odor
• Painful urination
• Difficulty retracting the foreskin (in uncircumcised men)
• Sores or ulcers (in severe cases or due to STIs)

If left untreated, balanitis can lead to scarring, phimosis (tight foreskin), or chronic inflammation.

How is Balanitis Diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose balanitis through a physical exam and laboratory tests.

Diagnostic Tests:

• Physical Examination – To check for swelling, redness, and discharge.
• Swab Test – A sample from the affected area is tested for bacteria or fungi.
• Urine Test – Checks for diabetes or infections.
• Blood Test – Helps detect underlying health conditions.
• STD Testing – If an STI is suspected.

What is the Treatment for Balanitis?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Medications Used:

• Antifungal creams – For yeast infections (Clotrimazole, Miconazole).
• Antibiotics – For bacterial infections (Penicillin, Erythromycin).
• Steroid creams – To reduce inflammation (Hydrocortisone).
• Antiviral medication – If caused by herpes or other viruses.

Home Remedies and Self-Care:

• Maintain proper hygiene – Gently clean the area with warm water (avoid harsh soaps).
• Avoid irritants – Switch to unscented soaps, avoid chemical-laden products.
• Keep the area dry – Moisture can worsen infection.
• Loose-fitting underwear – Helps prevent sweating and irritation.

Surgical Treatment (Severe Cases):

• Circumcision – If balanitis keeps recurring in uncircumcised men.

Complications of Balanitis?

If left untreated, balanitis can lead to:

• Phimosis – Tightening of the foreskin, making it difficult to retract.
• Paraphimosis – Swollen foreskin trapped behind the glans (a medical emergency).
• Scarring of the foreskin or glans – Can lead to discomfort and urinary problems.
• Recurrent infections – May require circumcision.

Prevention of Balanitis?

• Practice good hygiene – Regularly clean under the foreskin with water.
• Avoid harsh soaps and irritants – Use mild, fragrance-free products.
• Control blood sugar levels – If diabetic, keeping glucose levels stable reduces the risk.
• Use protection during sex – Reduces the risk of STIs.
• Treat infections early – To prevent complications.

When to See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Persistent redness, pain, or swelling
• Thick discharge with a bad odor
• Difficulty urinating due to swelling
• Symptoms not improving with home care