Fibroids are non-cancerous (benign) growths that develop in or on the uterus. They are made of muscle and fibrous tissue and are also known as uterine fibroids or leiomyomas. Fibroids are common, especially in women of reproductive age, and can vary in size from tiny to large masses that distort the uterus.
Types of Fibroids
- Intramural fibroids: Grow within the wall of the uterus
- Submucosal fibroids: Grow into the uterine cavity
- Subserosal fibroids: Grow on the outer wall of the uterus
- Pedunculated fibroids: Grow on a stalk inside or outside the uterus
Common Symptoms of Fibroids
Many women have no symptoms, but when present, they may include:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Frequent urination
- Constipation
- Pain during sex
- Lower back pain
- Enlarged abdomen or a feeling of fullness
- Difficulty getting pregnant or maintaining pregnancy
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of fibroids is unknown, but factors include:
- Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone promote fibroid growth
- Genetics: Family history increases the risk
- Age: Most common between ages 30 and 50
- Ethnicity: More common and severe in Black women
- Obesity: Linked to a higher risk
- Diet and lifestyle: High red meat and low fruit/vegetable intake may contribute
How Fibroids Are Diagnosed
- Pelvic exam
- Ultrasound (transvaginal or abdominal)
- MRI or CT scan (for detailed imaging)
- Hysteroscopy or laparoscopy (invasive procedures for viewing and sometimes removing fibroids)
Treatment Options
Non-Surgical Treatments
- Medications to regulate hormones (e.g., birth control pills, GnRH agonists)
- Iron supplements for anemia due to heavy bleeding
- Pain relievers for symptom relief
Surgical Treatments
- Myomectomy: Surgical removal of fibroids, preserving the uterus
- Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus (definitive treatment)
- Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE): Blocks blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink
- MRI-guided focused ultrasound: Non-invasive technique to destroy fibroid tissue