Irregular periods refer to menstrual cycles that vary in length, are missed, or occur more or less frequently than the typical 21–35-day cycle. Occasional irregularity is common, but frequent or long-term changes may signal an underlying issue.
Common Causes of Irregular Periods
1. Hormonal Imbalances
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A leading cause of irregular cycles due to elevated androgen levels.
- Thyroid disorders: Both overactive (hyperthyroidism) and underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid can disrupt cycles.
- Perimenopause: Hormone fluctuations before menopause cause irregular bleeding.
- High prolactin levels: Can interfere with ovulation.
2. Lifestyle Factors
- Stress: Affects the hypothalamus, which regulates the menstrual cycle.
- Excessive exercise: Common in athletes and can lead to missed periods (amenorrhea).
- Weight changes: Sudden weight loss or obesity can disrupt hormone balance.
- Poor diet or eating disorders: Can interfere with normal reproductive function.
3. Medications and Birth Control
- Starting or stopping hormonal birth control can cause temporary irregularity.
- Certain medications, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, may affect your cycle.
4. Medical Conditions
- Endometriosis: Can cause irregular bleeding or spotting.
- Uterine fibroids or polyps: May lead to heavy or unpredictable bleeding.
- Chronic illnesses or diabetes: Can impact cycle regularity.
5. Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
- Missed periods can be an early sign of pregnancy.
- Breastfeeding often delays the return of regular periods after childbirth.
When to See a Doctor
Seek medical advice if you experience:
- No period for more than 3 months (not pregnant)
- Periods less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart
- Very heavy bleeding or bleeding between periods
- Painful periods or sudden changes in your cycle
Treatment
- Depends on the underlying cause
- May include hormonal therapy, lifestyle changes, thyroid medication, or fertility treatment if trying to conceive