Gout is a type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. It leads to sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, and redness—most commonly in the big toe.

Causes of Gout

• The body produces uric acid when it breaks down purines, which are found in certain foods and drinks
• If too much uric acid builds up or isn’t removed properly by the kidneys, crystals form in the joints

Common Triggers

• Eating foods high in purines (like red meat, seafood, organ meats)
• Drinking alcohol or sugary drinks
• Obesity
• Certain medications (like diuretics)
• Dehydration
• Kidney problems

Symptoms of Gout

• Sudden and intense joint pain, often at night
• Most commonly affects the big toe, but can also affect ankles, knees, fingers, and elbows
• Swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected joint
• Limited joint movement
• Pain usually lasts for a few days to a week

Diagnosis

• Physical examination and review of symptoms
• Blood tests to check uric acid levels
• Joint fluid test to detect uric acid crystals
• Imaging (X-ray or ultrasound) may help in some cases

Treatment

• Pain relief medications (NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids)
• Lifestyle changes:
  • Avoid high-purine foods
  • Limit alcohol and sugary drinks
  • Stay well hydrated
  • Maintain a healthy weight
• Long-term medications (like allopurinol) may be prescribed to lower uric acid levels and prevent future attacks

Prevention

• Eat a balanced, low-purine diet
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid crash dieting or fasting
• Manage chronic conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes