Monkeypox is a rare viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which is related to the smallpox virus. It can cause a rash and flu-like symptoms and is usually self-limiting, though severe cases can occur. It spreads through close contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated materials.

Causes of Monkeypox

Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It was first discovered in monkeys but is also found in rodents and can be transmitted to humans.

How Monkeypox Spreads

• Direct contact with skin lesions or bodily fluids of an infected person
• Respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact
• Touching contaminated objects like bedding, clothing, or surfaces
• Animal-to-human transmission through bites, scratches, or contact with animal fluids

Monkeypox is not as contagious as COVID-19 and typically requires close or intimate contact to spread.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Symptoms usually begin within 5–21 days after exposure and may include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Back pain
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chills
• Fatigue
• A characteristic rash, often starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body
• The rash turns into fluid-filled blisters, then scabs over and heals

Duration and Course

• Illness usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks
• Most people recover fully without treatment
• Severe cases may occur, especially in immunocompromised individuals or children

Diagnosis

• Based on symptoms, travel history, and exposure risks
• Confirmed through laboratory testing of lesions or fluids (PCR test)

Treatment

• Most cases resolve with supportive care (rest, fluids, and symptom relief)
• Antiviral medications (like tecovirimat) may be used in severe cases
• Vaccination (smallpox or monkeypox vaccines) can help prevent or reduce severity

Prevention

• Avoid close contact with infected individuals or animals
• Wash hands frequently
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare or outbreak settings
• Isolate infected individuals until fully healed
• Vaccination for at-risk groups