Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. It plays a key role in regulating the body’s metabolism, which affects energy, weight, mood, and more.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

• Autoimmune disease (like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) – most common cause
• Thyroid surgery or radiation therapy
• Iodine deficiency
• Certain medications (e.g., lithium, amiodarone)
• Congenital hypothyroidism (present at birth)
• Pituitary gland disorders

Common Symptoms

• Fatigue and sluggishness
• Weight gain despite normal eating
• Feeling cold often
• Dry skin and hair
• Hair thinning or hair loss
• Depression or low mood
• Constipation
• Slow heart rate
• Hoarseness
• Puffy face
• Menstrual irregularities
• Memory problems or difficulty concentrating (“brain fog”)
• Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

Diagnosis

• Blood tests to check:
  • TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) – usually high
  • Free T4 (Thyroxine) – usually low
• Your doctor may also check for thyroid antibodies to see if Hashimoto’s is the cause.

Treatment

• Daily thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine (a synthetic form of T4)
• Regular monitoring and blood tests to adjust dosage
• Lifelong treatment is usually required, but it’s safe and effective when managed properly

Lifestyle Tips

• Take your thyroid medication on an empty stomach, at the same time every day
• Avoid calcium or iron supplements near your medication time (they affect absorption)
• Eat a balanced diet rich in whole foods
• Regular exercise can help combat fatigue and weight gain

When to See a Doctor

If you experience unexplained fatigue, weight gain, mood changes, or other symptoms, speak with your healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications.