Hepatitis C is a viral infection that affects the liver, caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). It can lead to liver inflammation, scarring (cirrhosis), liver failure, or even liver cancer if left untreated. It is a bloodborne virus, meaning it spreads through contact with infected blood.
How Hepatitis C Spreads
- Sharing needles or syringes
- Blood transfusions before 1992 (before screening was common)
- Unsterilized medical or tattoo equipment
- From mother to baby during childbirth (rare)
- Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes with an infected person
It does not spread through:
- Casual contact (hugging, kissing)
- Sneezing or coughing
- Sharing food or water
Symptoms of Hepatitis C
Many people with hepatitis C do not have symptoms in the early stages. If symptoms appear, they may include:
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Nausea or vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Joint pain
- Dark urine
- Pale stools
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
Acute vs. Chronic Hepatitis C
- Acute Hepatitis C: Short-term infection, usually within the first 6 months after exposure
- Chronic Hepatitis C: Long-term infection that persists and can damage the liver over years
Diagnosis
Hepatitis C is diagnosed through:
- HCV antibody test (checks for past or current infection)
- HCV RNA test (confirms active infection)
- Liver function tests and imaging may be used to check liver health
Treatment
- Antiviral medications (such as direct-acting antivirals or DAAs) can cure over 95% of cases
- Treatment typically lasts 8–12 weeks
- Lifestyle changes (avoiding alcohol, eating healthy) can protect the liver
Prevention
- Avoid sharing needles or personal items
- Use only sterilized equipment for tattoos or piercings
- Practice safe sex (especially with multiple partners)
- Get tested if you’re at risk