Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This tissue responds to the menstrual cycle hormones, causing inflammation, pain, and sometimes fertility problems.

Common Symptoms of Endometriosis

• Pelvic pain, especially during menstruation
• Pain during or after sex
• Pain with bowel movements or urination, especially during periods
• Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
• Chronic lower back or abdominal pain
• Fatigue
• Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant

Some women have mild symptoms, while others may experience severe pain that interferes with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, but possible factors include:

• Retrograde menstruation (menstrual blood flows backward into the pelvis)
• Genetics – higher risk if a close family member has it
• Immune system dysfunction
• Hormonal imbalances

How It’s Diagnosed

• Pelvic exam to feel for abnormalities
• Ultrasound or MRI to detect cysts (endometriomas)
• Laparoscopy – a minor surgical procedure to view and confirm endometrial tissue outside the uterus

Treatment Options

Medications

• Pain relievers like NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen)
• Hormonal therapy – birth control pills, IUDs, or GnRH agonists to reduce or stop menstruation

Surgery

• Laparoscopic surgery to remove or destroy endometrial tissue
• Hysterectomy (in severe cases, after other options fail)

Fertility Treatment

• IVF or other assisted reproductive technologies for women struggling to conceive