HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If not treated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV is mainly transmitted through certain body fluids from an infected person.

Main Ways HIV Is Transmitted

• Unprotected Sexual Contact
  HIV can spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without using protection (like condoms). Anal sex carries the highest risk.
• Sharing Needles or Syringes
  HIV can be transmitted through the use of contaminated needles, often linked to injection drug use or unsafe medical practices.
• From Mother to Child
  An HIV-positive mother can pass the virus to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
• Blood Transfusions
  Receiving blood or blood products that are not properly screened (rare in countries with strict blood safety regulations).
• Exposure to Infected Blood
  Healthcare workers are at risk through accidental needle-stick injuries or contact with infected blood.

Body Fluids That Can Transmit HIV

• Blood
• Semen and pre-seminal fluid
• Vaginal fluids
• Rectal fluids
• Breast milk

Fluids That Do Not Transmit HIV

• Saliva
• Sweat
• Tears
• Urine
• Feces (unless visibly mixed with blood)

Myths About HIV Transmission

HIV is not spread through:

• Casual contact (hugging, shaking hands)
• Sharing food or drinks
• Toilet seats or doorknobs
• Coughing or sneezing
• Mosquito bites

How to Prevent HIV Transmission

• Use condoms during sex
• Avoid sharing needles
• Get tested regularly and know your partner’s HIV status
• Take PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) if at high risk
• Pregnant women with HIV should get treatment to prevent transmission to the baby
• Ensure all blood products are screened properly