What is Tracheobronchitis?

Tracheobronchitis is the inflammation of the trachea (windpipe) and the bronchi (the large air passages in the lungs). This condition often develops from a viral or bacterial infection and can cause coughing, discomfort, and breathing difficulty. It may be acute or chronic, depending on the cause and duration.

What Causes Tracheobronchitis?

Several factors can lead to inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. Common causes include:

• Viral infections – The most common cause, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenoviruses.
• Bacterial infections – Such as Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough) or Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
• Environmental irritants – Exposure to smoke, chemical fumes, or pollution can irritate the airway lining.
• Allergic reactions – Pollen, dust, or mold can trigger inflammation in sensitive individuals.
• Post-intubation – Irritation after mechanical ventilation or intubation can lead to tracheobronchitis.
• Chronic respiratory disease – Conditions like COPD may predispose individuals to chronic inflammation.

What Are the Symptoms of Tracheobronchitis?

Symptoms can vary based on the underlying cause but often include:

• Persistent dry or productive cough.
• Sore throat or hoarseness.
• Chest discomfort or mild pain when breathing or coughing.
• Low-grade fever or chills.
• Wheezing or shortness of breath.
• General fatigue or feeling unwell.

In viral cases, symptoms may resemble those of the common cold or flu.

How is Tracheobronchitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually starts with a clinical evaluation and may include:

• Medical history and symptom review – Including onset and duration of cough and exposure to irritants or infections.
• Physical examination – Listening to breath sounds for wheezing or crackles.
• Chest X-ray – To rule out pneumonia or other lung issues.
• Throat or sputum culture – To identify bacterial or viral organisms.
• Blood tests – To check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Most cases are diagnosed based on symptoms and do not require extensive testing.

How is Tracheobronchitis Treated?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity:

• For Viral Infections:
  • Rest and hydration.
  • Over-the-counter medications for cough and fever (as directed).
  • Humidified air to ease breathing and reduce irritation.
• For Bacterial Infections:
  • Antibiotics if a bacterial cause is confirmed or strongly suspected.
• For Allergic or Irritant-Induced Cases:
  • Avoiding exposure to triggers.
  • Antihistamines or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
• Chronic Tracheobronchitis:
  • Long-term management with bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, or other medications as needed.

Most mild cases improve within a week or two without complications.

Can Tracheobronchitis Be Prevented?

While not all cases are preventable, you can reduce your risk by:

• Practicing good hand hygiene to avoid infections.
• Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke, chemical fumes, and other irritants.
• Staying up-to-date with vaccines, including the flu and pertussis vaccines.
• Using air purifiers in polluted environments.
• Managing allergies and chronic respiratory conditions effectively.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

• A cough lasting more than two weeks.
• High fever or worsening symptoms.
• Difficulty breathing or chest tightness.
• Bloody sputum or severe wheezing.
• A history of lung disease with new or worsening symptoms.