What is Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is a common dental problem that occurs when the hard surface of the tooth (enamel) is damaged by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth. These acids are formed when sugar and starches from food mix with plaque.
If untreated, tooth decay can lead to pain, infection, and even tooth loss.
What Are the Symptoms of Tooth Decay?
Early tooth decay may not cause any symptoms. As the decay progresses, the following signs may appear:
- Toothache or spontaneous pain
- Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks
- Visible holes or pits in the teeth
- Brown, black, or white staining on the surface of the tooth
- Pain when biting or chewing
- Bad breath or an unpleasant taste in the mouth
What Causes Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay is primarily caused by:
Plaque Formation
- A sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth
- Bacteria in plaque feed on sugars and produce acids
Frequent Snacking or Sugary Drinks
- Sugar feeds harmful bacteria
- Constant snacking increases acid exposure
Poor Oral Hygiene
- Not brushing and flossing regularly allows plaque to build up
Lack of Fluoride
- Fluoride helps prevent and even reverse early tooth decay
Dry Mouth
- Saliva helps wash away food and neutralize acids
- Reduced saliva increases risk of decay
How is Tooth Decay Diagnosed?
Dentists diagnose tooth decay by:
- Visual examination of the teeth
- Dental X-rays to detect cavities between teeth or under the surface
- Using special instruments to probe for soft spots on the enamel
How is Tooth Decay Treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of the decay.
- Fluoride Treatments
- In early stages, fluoride can help remineralize enamel
- Available in gels, varnishes, or mouth rinses
- Fillings
- The decayed portion is removed and replaced with materials like composite resin or amalgam
- Crowns
- Used for larger cavities when much of the tooth is damaged
- A custom-made cap covers and protects the remaining tooth
- Root Canal Treatment
- Required when decay reaches the tooth’s pulp
- Involves removing infected tissue and sealing the root canal
- Tooth Extraction
- If a tooth is severely damaged and cannot be saved, it may need to be removed
Complications of Tooth Decay
- Tooth abscess (infection at the root)
- Severe toothache
- Tooth loss
- Infection spreading to other areas (rare but serious)
- Chewing problems and difficulty eating
How to Prevent Tooth Decay
- Brush teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
- Floss daily to remove food between teeth
- Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks
- Drink plenty of water
- Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings
- Use dental sealants (especially in children) to protect tooth surfaces