What is a Tooth Abscess?
A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus caused by a bacterial infection in or around a tooth. It can occur at different regions of the tooth, including the tip of the root (periapical abscess) or the gums (periodontal abscess). The infection results from tooth decay, injury, or previous dental work that allows bacteria to enter.
A tooth abscess can be painful and, if untreated, may spread to other parts of the body, becoming a serious health risk.
What Are the Symptoms of a Tooth Abscess?
Symptoms can develop quickly and vary depending on the severity of the infection.
Common Symptoms:
- Severe, persistent toothache
- Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures
- Swelling in the face, cheek, or lymph nodes
- Red, swollen gums
- A foul taste in the mouth or bad breath
- Fever and general discomfort
- Pus drainage from the affected area
- Difficulty opening the mouth or swallowing
What Causes a Tooth Abscess?
A tooth abscess develops when bacteria enter the tooth through a cavity, crack, or gum disease and reach the inner pulp.
Common Causes:
- Untreated tooth decay
- Cracked or chipped tooth
- Gum disease (periodontitis)
- Trauma to the tooth
- Weakened immune system (e.g., diabetes)
- Poor oral hygiene
How is a Tooth Abscess Diagnosed?
A dentist can usually diagnose an abscess through a clinical examination and tests.
Diagnostic Methods:
- Visual and physical exam of the mouth and gums
- X-rays to detect the extent of infection and any bone involvement
- Thermal or percussion tests to assess tooth sensitivity
- CT scan (in severe cases) to determine the spread of infection
How is a Tooth Abscess Treated?
Treatment focuses on eliminating the infection, relieving pain, and preserving the tooth if possible.
- Drainage of the Abscess
The dentist may make a small incision to drain the pus and relieve pressure. - Root Canal Treatment
Removes the infected pulp and seals the tooth to prevent further infection. - Tooth Extraction
If the tooth is too damaged to be saved, it may need to be removed. - Antibiotics
Prescribed if the infection has spread beyond the tooth or the patient has a weakened immune system. - Pain Management
Over-the-counter pain relievers may be recommended to manage discomfort.
Complications of a Tooth Abscess
If not treated promptly, a tooth abscess can lead to:
- Spread of infection to the jaw, neck, or brain
- Tooth loss
- Bone infection (osteomyelitis)
- Sepsis (a life-threatening body-wide infection)
- Sinus infection
Living with or Preventing a Tooth Abscess
Good dental hygiene and regular check-ups are key to prevention.
Helpful Tips:
- Brush teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
- Floss daily to remove food particles and plaque
- Limit sugary foods and drinks
- Visit the dentist regularly for cleanings and exams
- Treat dental issues promptly to avoid infections