What is a Spine Fracture?

A fracture of the spine (also called a vertebral fracture) occurs when one or more of the bones in the spinal column (vertebrae) break or collapse. This can happen due to trauma, osteoporosis, cancer, or other bone-weakening conditions. Spinal fractures can range from minor compression fractures to severe, unstable injuries that threaten the spinal cord.

What causes Spinal Fractures?

Common causes include:

• Trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls, sports injuries)
• Osteoporosis – weakens bones, leading to compression fractures, especially in older adults
• Cancer – spinal tumors can weaken the vertebrae and cause fractures
• High-impact activities or repetitive stress
• Bone diseases like Paget’s disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms depend on the location and severity of the fracture:

• Sudden back pain (often sharp or stabbing)
• Pain that worsens with movement
• Loss of height or stooped posture (common in compression fractures)
• Limited mobility
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness if nerves or spinal cord are affected
• In severe cases – paralysis or loss of bladder/bowel control

How is a Spine Fracture diagnosed?

A thorough medical evaluation includes:

• Physical exam and history
• X-rays – to view bone alignment and breaks
• CT scans – for detailed bone imaging
• MRI – to assess soft tissue, spinal cord, and nerves
• Bone density test (DEXA scan) – if osteoporosis is suspected

What are the treatment options?

Treatment depends on the type and stability of the fracture:

1. Conservative (Non-surgical) treatment:

• Rest and activity modification
• Back brace to support healing
• Pain management (medications, physical therapy)
• Bone-strengthening treatments (especially in osteoporosis)

2. Surgical treatment (if unstable or affecting nerves/spinal cord):

• Vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty – cement injection to stabilize fractured vertebrae
• Spinal fusion or instrumentation – to stabilize the spine
• Decompression surgery – if the spinal cord or nerves are compressed

When should you see a doctor?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Sudden or severe back pain after trauma or minor movement
• Pain that limits daily activities
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in limbs
• Unexplained height loss or hunched posture
• Bowel or bladder issues (potential emergency)

Can spinal fractures be prevented?

Yes, especially those due to bone weakening. Tips include:

• Prevent falls – especially in older adults
• Calcium and vitamin D – to strengthen bones
• Regular weight-bearing exercise
• Osteoporosis screening and treatment
• Avoid high-risk activities without protection

What is the outlook?

Most minor fractures heal well with conservative care. However, severe or unstable fractures may require surgery and a longer recovery. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical to prevent complications like chronic pain or nerve damage.