What is Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

Enteric fever, commonly known as typhoid fever, is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. This infection primarily affects the intestinal tract but can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Typhoid fever is most common in areas with poor sanitation and can affect people of all ages. The bacteria are typically spread through contaminated food or water, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, requiring medical treatment for recovery.

What Causes Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. The bacteria are typically spread through:

• Contaminated Water or Food: Drinking or eating food that has been contaminated with the bacteria from an infected person’s feces.
• Poor Sanitation and Hygiene: Lack of proper sanitation and handwashing practices can lead to the spread of the bacteria.
• Close Contact: Infected individuals can spread the bacteria to others, particularly in environments with crowded living conditions.
• Carrier State: Some individuals may recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria and pass it on to others, often unknowingly.

What Are the Symptoms of Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

The symptoms of enteric fever typically develop gradually and may include:

• Fever: A high fever, which can reach up to 104°F (40°C), is one of the hallmark symptoms of typhoid.
• Abdominal Pain: A feeling of discomfort or pain, especially in the lower abdomen.
• Weakness and Fatigue: Feeling very tired or weak, often with little energy.
• Loss of Appetite: Reduced interest in eating or a general loss of appetite.
• Headache: A persistent headache, often mild but concerning.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Feeling nauseous or vomiting may occur in some cases.
• Diarrhea or Constipation: Typhoid can cause either diarrhea or constipation, depending on the severity and stage of the infection.
• Rash: Some people may develop rose-colored spots or a rash on the abdomen or chest.

How is Enteric Fever (Typhoid) Diagnosed?

Diagnosing typhoid fever typically involves several steps:

• Medical History: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, recent travel to areas with poor sanitation, and possible exposure to contaminated food or water.
• Physical Exam: A physical exam can help identify symptoms like fever and abdominal tenderness.
• Blood Tests: A blood test may be done to detect the Salmonella typhi bacteria. Blood cultures are the gold standard for diagnosis.
• Stool or Urine Tests: Stool and urine samples may be tested for the presence of the bacteria.
• Widal Test: This test can help detect antibodies against Salmonella typhi, although it may not always be reliable.

How is Enteric Fever (Typhoid) Treated?

Treatment for typhoid fever usually includes:

• Antibiotics: The primary treatment for typhoid fever is antibiotics, which are effective in killing the bacteria. Common antibiotics used include ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone.
• Hydration: It’s essential to stay hydrated, especially if you experience diarrhea or vomiting.
• Rest: Adequate rest is necessary for recovery and to help your body fight the infection.
• Dietary Adjustments: Eating light, easily digestible food can help manage symptoms during recovery.

When Should You See a Doctor About Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience the following symptoms:

• Persistent high fever that does not improve.
• Severe abdominal pain or discomfort.
• Nausea and vomiting that prevent you from eating or drinking.
• Diarrhea or constipation that lasts for more than a few days.
• Symptoms that worsen despite home treatment.

How Can You Prevent Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

While enteric fever is preventable, the following steps can help reduce your risk:

• Vaccination: The typhoid vaccine is available and recommended for travelers to areas with high rates of typhoid fever.
• Good Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially before eating or after using the restroom.
• Safe Drinking Water: Avoid drinking unboiled or untreated water, particularly in areas where the water supply may be contaminated.
• Safe Food Practices: Be cautious when consuming food and drinks from street vendors. Always choose well-cooked food and avoid raw vegetables or fruits that cannot be peeled.
• Avoiding High-Risk Areas: Avoid traveling to areas with a high incidence of typhoid fever unless necessary, and take precautions like vaccination if travel is essential.

When Should You Consider Hospitalization for Enteric Fever (Typhoid)?

In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary, particularly if:

• You are unable to keep fluids down due to vomiting.
• You experience severe dehydration or complications.
• Your symptoms don’t improve with outpatient treatment.
• You have underlying health conditions that could complicate the infection.