What is Dandruff?
Dandruff is a common scalp condition where white or yellow flakes of dead skin appear in the hair and on the shoulders. It can also cause itchiness, dryness, or mild irritation of the scalp. While it’s not dangerous or contagious, it can be uncomfortable and sometimes embarrassing.
What Causes Dandruff?
Dandruff happens when the scalp’s skin renews itself too quickly, causing dead skin cells to build up and flake off. Several factors can contribute to dandruff, including:
- Dry skin – the most common cause, especially in cold or dry weather
- Oily or irritated skin (seborrheic dermatitis) – leads to greasy, yellowish flakes
- Fungal overgrowth – such as Malassezia, a yeast that naturally lives on the skin
- Sensitivity to hair care products (contact dermatitis)
- Not shampooing enough, which allows oil and skin cells to build up
- Stress or hormonal changes, which can make symptoms worse
Common Signs and Symptoms?
- White or yellow flakes on the scalp, hair, or shoulders
- Itchy or irritated scalp
- Dryness or tightness of the skin on the scalp
- In more severe cases, redness or greasy patches on the scalp or hairline
How is Dandruff Diagnosed?
Dandruff is usually diagnosed based on a physical exam. A doctor or dermatologist can often identify it just by looking at the scalp and asking about symptoms. No special tests are usually needed.
Types of Dandruff?
- Dry skin dandruff – light, white flakes, often with an itchy scalp
- Oily dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis) – greasy, yellowish flakes with possible redness
- Fungal dandruff – caused by overgrowth of Malassezia yeast
- Product-related dandruff – due to irritation or allergy from hair products
Treatment Options?
Most dandruff cases can be treated at home. Treatment depends on the cause and severity:
- Anti-dandruff shampoos – containing ingredients like zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, coal tar, or salicylic acid
- Gentle, regular shampooing – to remove excess oil and skin flakes
- Moisturizing scalp treatments – especially if dry skin is the cause
- Switching hair products – to avoid irritation from certain ingredients
- Prescription treatments – for stubborn cases, including steroid lotions or stronger antifungal shampoos
Lifestyle Tips to Manage Dandruff?
- Wash your hair regularly with a suitable shampoo
- Avoid using too many styling products
- Manage stress, which can worsen symptoms
- Protect your scalp from extreme cold and sun
- Eat a balanced diet rich in zinc, omega-3s, and B vitamins