What Is Cryptorchidism?

Cryptorchidism, commonly known as undescended testicle, is a condition where one or both of a baby boy’s testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth. Normally, the testicles develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum during the last months of pregnancy. In boys with cryptorchidism, this process doesn’t happen as expected.

It is one of the most common birth defects related to the male genitals and affects about 3 out of every 100 full-term baby boys. The condition is more common in premature infants.

Types of Cryptorchidism

• Unilateral cryptorchidism – Only one testicle is undescended (more common)
• Bilateral cryptorchidism – Both testicles are undescended (less common)

Causes?

The exact cause isn’t always known, but some factors that may increase the risk include:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Family history of undescended testicles
• Hormonal problems during pregnancy
• Maternal smoking or alcohol use
• Genetic disorders or syndromes

Symptoms?

• The main sign is a missing or non-palpable testicle in the scrotum at birth
• Sometimes the testicle can be felt in the groin or abdomen
• Usually painless, and found during a routine newborn exam

In most cases, the undescended testicle descends on its own within the first few months of life. If it doesn’t descend by 6 months, medical evaluation is needed.

Diagnosis?

Doctors usually diagnose cryptorchidism through a physical exam. If the testicle can’t be felt, imaging tests may be used, such as:

• Ultrasound
• MRI
• Laparoscopy (a small surgical procedure to locate the testicle if it’s not visible)

Treatment?

If the testicle doesn’t descend naturally by 6 months, treatment is recommended to reduce future complications. Treatment options include:

• Surgery (Orchiopexy) – The most common treatment, where the testicle is moved into the scrotum and fixed in place. It’s usually done between 6 and 18 months of age.
• Hormone therapy – In rare cases, hormones like hCG may be used to help the testicle descend, though this is less effective than surgery.

Why Treatment Is Important?

Leaving an undescended testicle untreated can lead to complications, such as:

• Infertility or reduced sperm production later in life
• Increased risk of testicular cancer
• Hernias or twisting of the testicle (torsion)
• Psychological concerns about body image during adolescence

Follow-Up Care?

After surgery, regular follow-ups are important to ensure the testicle remains in the correct position and is developing normally. Long-term monitoring may be needed for fertility and cancer risks.