What is Blepharospasm?

• A neurological condition that causes involuntary, forceful, and frequent blinking or eye closure
• Considered a type of focal dystonia – abnormal muscle contractions affecting a specific part of the body
• Usually affects both eyes and can interfere with vision

What Causes Blepharospasm?

• The exact cause is often unknown (primary blepharospasm)
• May be linked to abnormal functioning in the basal ganglia (part of the brain that controls movement)
• Secondary blepharospasm may result from:
– Eye irritation or dryness
– Brain injury
– Neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease

Who is at Risk?

• Middle-aged and older adults
• Women are more frequently affected than men
• Family history of dystonia or movement disorders
• History of chronic eye irritation or stress

What Are the Symptoms?

• Uncontrolled blinking or twitching of the eyelids
• Eye irritation, dryness, or light sensitivity (photophobia)
• Eye fatigue or discomfort
• Eyes may involuntarily shut for seconds or longer
• Symptoms may worsen with:
– Stress
– Bright lights
– Fatigue
• In severe cases, the person may become functionally blind due to inability to open the eyes

How is Blepharospasm Diagnosed?

• Clinical diagnosis based on physical symptoms
• Detailed medical and neurological history
• Eye exam to rule out other eye conditions
• MRI or CT scan if secondary causes are suspected
• Electromyography (EMG) to study muscle activity

What is the Treatment?

• Botulinum toxin injections (Botox) – most common and effective treatment to relax the muscles
• Oral medications (less effective):
– Anticholinergics
– Muscle relaxants
– Benzodiazepines
• Surgery (myectomy) in severe or unresponsive cases
• Stress management and protective eyewear for symptom relief

What Are the Complications?

• Impaired vision or difficulty keeping eyes open
• Interference with daily activities like reading, driving, or working
• Emotional distress or anxiety due to social embarrassment
• Muscle strain or headaches from repeated spasms

How Can It Be Managed?

• Regular Botox treatments (every 3–4 months)
• Use of lubricating eye drops for dryness
• Wearing sunglasses to reduce light sensitivity
• Adequate sleep and stress reduction techniques
• Joining support groups or counseling for emotional support

When to See a Doctor

• Frequent or involuntary eye twitching that doesn’t resolve
• Difficulty keeping your eyes open
• Vision problems caused by eyelid spasms
• New or worsening symptoms over time