What is Valve Prolapse?
Valve prolapse is a condition in which one of the heart valves doesn’t close properly, allowing blood to flow backward. The most common form is mitral valve prolapse (MVP), where the valve between the heart’s left atrium and left ventricle bulges or “prolapses” backward into the atrium during contraction.
While many cases are harmless, some can lead to complications such as arrhythmias, mitral regurgitation (leakage of blood backward), or rarely, infective endocarditis.
What Are the Symptoms of Valve Prolapse?
Many people with valve prolapse have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include:
- Irregular heartbeat or palpitations
- Chest pain (not related to a heart attack)
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Fatigue
- Anxiety or panic sensations
In severe cases, symptoms of heart failure may develop if the valve leakage becomes significant.
What Causes Valve Prolapse?
Valve prolapse can be caused by a variety of structural or genetic factors:
- Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Family history of mitral valve prolapse
- Congenital abnormalities in valve structure
- Aging, which may weaken valve tissues
- Infections, such as rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis, that damage valve tissue
How is Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?
Doctors use several tools to confirm a diagnosis:
- Physical examination may reveal a clicking sound or murmur
- Echocardiogram (echo) is the most definitive test and shows valve motion
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) checks for abnormal heart rhythms
- Holter monitor may be used to detect intermittent arrhythmias
- Chest X-ray or MRI may be used in certain cases to evaluate heart size or structure
How is Valve Prolapse Treated?
Most people with valve prolapse do not need treatment. When needed, treatment options include:
Lifestyle Changes
- Regular monitoring and follow-up
- Avoiding stimulants like caffeine or alcohol
- Managing stress to reduce palpitations
Medications
- Beta-blockers to control palpitations or chest pain
- Diuretics for fluid retention in cases with regurgitation
- Anticoagulants if there’s an increased risk of blood clots or arrhythmias
Surgical Intervention
- Valve repair or replacement in severe cases with significant leakage or symptoms
- Minimally invasive or open-heart surgery may be recommended
What Are the Complications of Valve Prolapse?
While usually benign, complications can include:
- Mitral regurgitation (backflow of blood into the left atrium)
- Arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation
- Infective endocarditis, especially in people with valve damage
- Heart failure if valve function severely declines