What Is It?

• Bacteriuria refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine, which may or may not cause symptoms
• When symptomatic, it typically indicates a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
• UTIs can affect the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis)

Common Causes

• Bacteria (most commonly Escherichia coli) entering the urinary tract
• Poor hygiene
• Sexual activity
• Holding urine for long periods
• Use of urinary catheters
• Urinary tract obstructions (e.g., kidney stones)
• Diabetes or weakened immune system

Who’s at Risk?

• Women (shorter urethra increases risk)
• Older adults
• People with urinary catheters
• Pregnant women
• Individuals with diabetes or kidney issues
• People with spinal cord injuries

Signs and Symptoms

• Burning sensation during urination
• Frequent or urgent need to urinate
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• Pelvic or lower abdominal pain
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Fever and chills (may indicate kidney involvement)
• In asymptomatic bacteriuria, there are no noticeable symptoms

How Is It Diagnosed?

• Urinalysis to detect white blood cells, nitrites, and bacteria
• Urine culture to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection
• In recurrent cases, imaging tests (like ultrasound or CT scan) may be required

How Is It Treated?

• Antibiotics are the standard treatment:

• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
• Nitrofurantoin
• Fosfomycin
• Ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones (for complicated cases)
  • Increased fluid intake to flush out bacteria
  • Pain relief medications (phenazopyridine for urinary pain relief)
  • Asymptomatic bacteriuria usually does not require treatment unless in pregnant women or before urologic procedures

Possible Complications

• Kidney infections (pyelonephritis)
• Recurrent UTIs
• Sepsis (especially in elderly or immunocompromised)
• Pregnancy complications (preterm labor, low birth weight)
• Urethral or bladder damage if left untreated

Prevention Tips

• Drink plenty of water daily
• Wipe front to back after using the toilet
• Urinate after sexual activity
• Avoid irritating feminine products (douches, sprays)
• Avoid holding in urine for long periods
• Wear cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting pants
• Maintain good personal hygiene

When to Seek Medical Help

• Painful or difficult urination
• Blood in urine
• Persistent fever, chills, or flank pain
• Nausea or vomiting with urinary symptoms
• Symptoms lasting more than a few days
• You are pregnant or have a weakened immune system